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**Chernozems** ("black earth") are grassland soils rich in humus, primarily used for crop production and livestock grazing. They are distinguished by a high humus content, which can reach depths of up to two meters, and the presence of calcium ions within the soil particles. These soils typically form in regions with seasonal rainfall. **Podzolic soils** are characteristic of coniferous forests in boreal regions. They are defined by the mobilization and precipitation of dissolved organic matter, along with aluminum and iron, which leach from the A and E horizons down to the B horizon. **Brown soil** are found in areas with deciduous forests, where an abundance of plant material accumulates, ready for decomposition. With temperatures hovering around zero for less than three months and seldom exceeding 21°C, these conditions support the survival of microorganisms. Humus availability is notably high in these soils.
