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An **artesian well** is a natural water flow that reaches the surface under pressure. For an artesian aquifer to form, a layer of permeable material, such as sand or limestone, must be saturated with underground water, allowing it to flow. This permeable layer is trapped between impermeable layers of rock or clay above, which creates positive pressure, and a supporting bedrock layer below. The process begins when there are numerous and large enough cracks in the upper impermeable layer, allowing water to move under pressure. For an artesian well to function, the water table of its source must reach the surface. The force that drives this water flow to the surface is known as artesian pressure.
