Magnetic Field of Earth

Earth's magnetic field is generated deep down in its core. At the center of the Earth is a solid inner core, primarily composed of iron. Surrounding this inner core is the outer core, which is a fluid layer of iron, nickel and other metals. The lower pressure in the outer core allows the metals to remain in a fluid state. Variations in temperature, pressure, and composition within the outer core create convection currents in the molten metal. In this process, cool, dense matter sinks while warmer, less dense matter rises. This movement of molten iron generates electric currents, which in turn produce magnetic fields. As charged metals move through these magnetic fields, they generate additional electric currents, sustaining a continuous cycle known as the geodynamo. Recent advancements have allowed scientists to directly map Earth's fluctuating magnetic field and its connection to electrical currents, particularly through observations of the auroras (the northern and southern lights). These beautiful, captivating lights, which have fascinated humans for millennia, are a visual display of the interaction between Earth's magnetic field and solar activity, as they respond to charged particles from the Sun.