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As **electric charge** moves through a circuit, it encounters resistance. Every material has a specific resistance, which is proportional to the length of the material and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. The intrinsic property that determines a material's resistance is called resistivity, which is temperature-dependent. Electrical resistance arises from the interaction between free electrons and atoms within the material's structure. The electrical resistance of a circuit component or device is defined as the ratio of the voltage applied to the electric current flowing through it.
