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Octopuses have highly acute vision, with complex eyes that developed independently from those of mammals. Their eyes consist of an iris, lens, vitreous cavity, pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells. These photoreceptor cells contain photosensitive pigments that convert light energy into electrical nerve signals. Unlike vertebrate eyes, where incoming light must first pass through nerves and cell bodies, the octopus's eye forms as an outward extension of the body surface, allowing light to directly reach the photoreceptive cells. Octopuses focus their vision by moving a spherical lens rather than changing its shape, as is typical in mammalian eyes. Additionally, the octopus's pupil remains horizontally aligned autonomously at all times.
